​A two-dimensional (2-D) modeling of the burning process of Jordanian oil

shale in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) burner was done in this study. The

governing equations of continuity, momentum, energy, mass diffusion, and

chemical combustion reactions kinetics were solved numerically using the

finite volume method. The numerical solution was carried out using a highresolution

2-D mesh to account for the solid and gaseous phases, k-ε

turbulence, non-premixed combustion, and reacting CFD model with the

same dimensions and materials of the experimental combustion burner

used in this work. The temperature distribution and evolution of species

were also computed.

Proximate and ultimate analyses were also performed to evaluate the

air–fuel ratio and ash content. The required thermophysical properties, such

as heating value, density, and porosity were obtained experimentally, while

the activation energy was obtained from published literature.

It was found that the temperature contours of the combustion process

showed that the adiabatic flame temperature was 1080 K in a vertical

burner, while the obtained experimental results of maximum temperature

at various locations of the burner in actual, non-adiabatic, non-stoichiometric

combustion reached 950 K, showing good agreement with the

model.