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Vehicle emissions of carbon dioxide significantly contribute to greenhouse gases. Recycling this CO₂ into valuable hydrocarbon

products enhances vehicle mileage while reducing environmental impact, adding value to fuel consumption. This

research aims to utilize the electrochemical method for conversion of CO2

to alcohols using nano-copper (Cu), silver (Ag),

graphite (C), and their composites. Pure graphite, nano-copper, silver, and their composites were evaluated for the performance

in CO₂ reduction. The working solution was 0.1 M potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃) saturated with CO2

in H-type

cell. The produced alcohols were continuously monitored to assess the efficiency of the electrochemical conversion process.

Nano-copper electrodes showed high Faradaic efficiencies for methanol (~ 100%), ethanol (~ 100%), and hydrogen reduction.

The Cu/graphite composites revealed enhanced performance, benefiting from the synergy between the CO₂ adsorption

properties of graphite and the catalytic activity of copper. Mixed Cu-Ag systems, on the other hand, showed distinct

electrochemical behavior through the CO-pathway reaction steps. The electrodes of graphite, copper, and their composites

were characterized for their surface morphologies, crystallinity, and functional groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed

the presence of copper phases in the E21Cu79C

composite, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses provided an uneven amorphous surface with major -OH groups that can enhance the

adsorption of CO2

to these electrodes. The addition of copper to graphite in E21Cu79C

electrode indicated a positive increase

of 4% in reduction potential from pure graphite. Pure graphite electrode provided a current density of 27.8 mA/cm2, whereas

Cu/graphite (

E21Cu79C) demonstrated an increase of 12%. This study highlights the importance of electrode composition

in optimizing CO₂ electro-reduction, offering insights into the development of more efficient catalysts for the sustainable

production of alcohols from CO₂.​